You can’t philosophically in the same precise way you can’t positively prove anything, you prove it is exceedingly improbable for reality not to be as you say it is.
When astronomers talk about “proving” things this is always what they mean, they prove something to the point that it would be near hilariously improbable for the simplicity of their theory to be somehow false compared to the contorted mishmash of other possible explanations that just don’t fit the evidence. That is all that can be really said, philosophically, in the sense that to love science is to never be fooled into thinking science can or should desire to do more.
You can’t philosophically in the same precise way you can’t positively prove anything, you prove it is exceedingly improbable for reality not to be as you say it is.
When astronomers talk about “proving” things this is always what they mean, they prove something to the point that it would be near hilariously improbable for the simplicity of their theory to be somehow false compared to the contorted mishmash of other possible explanations that just don’t fit the evidence. That is all that can be really said, philosophically, in the sense that to love science is to never be fooled into thinking science can or should desire to do more.